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Social-Emotional Agnosia
Social-Emotional Agnosia, also known as emotional agnosia or expressive agnosia, is the inability to perceive facial expressions, body language, and voice intonation.〔("Medical Education for Undergraduate MD Students ." ) Agnosia. N.p., 14 Apr 2011. Web. 28 Nov 2011.〕 A person with this disorder is unable to non-verbally perceive others' emotions in social situations, limiting normal social interactions. The condition causes a functional blindness to subtle non-verbal social-emotional cues in voice, gesture, and facial expression. People with this form of agnosia have difficulty in determining and identifying the motivational and emotional significance of external social events, and may appear emotionless or agnostic (uncertainty or general indecisiveness about a particular thing). Symptoms of this agnosia can vary depending on the area of the brain affected. Social-emotional agnosia often occurs in individuals with schizophrenia and autism. It is difficult to distinguish from, and has been found to co-occur with, alexithymia.〔Schmitz, Bettina, and Michael Trimble. The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy. 1st. London: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 110-111.〕
==Causes==
Social-emotional agnosia is mainly caused by abnormal functioning in a particular brain area called the amygdala. Typically this agnosia is only found in people with bilateral amygdala damage; that is damage to amygdala regions in both hemispheres of the brain.〔Joseph, Rhawn. ("Agnosia." ) Brain-Mind. Academic Press, 2000. Web. 28 Nov 2011〕 It can be accompanied by right or bilateral temporal lobe damage. The amygdala dysfunction causes the inability to select appropriate behaviors in a specific social context. Symptoms can include reduced aggression, fearfulness, competitiveness, and social dominance.〔Corbett, Blythe, and David Amaral. "The Amygdala, Autism and Anxiety." Novartis Foundation Symposium. 251 (2002): 8-10.〕 Those with social-emotional agnosia have difficulty discerning the emotional meaning and significance behind objects, which causes a loss of fondness and familiarity. Bilateral amygdala damage has also been associated with social unresponsiveness, leading to an avoidance of social interactions and a preference for isolation from their own species. Evidence suggests that damage to the amygdala and the limbic system (specifically the amygdala-hypothalamus pathway) results in the loss of the core ability to recognize and interpret the mental states of others, a vital ability in social interactions.〔 The amygdala evokes highly personal emotional memories and the loss of this function causes hypo-emotionality, a general lack of emotion when presented with different stimuli.〔Joseph, Rhawn. ("Cognitive & Emotional Neural Networks the Hipppocampus, Amygdala, & Memory ." ) Brain-Mind. N.p., 1996. Web. 28 Nov 2011.〕 Hypersexuality has also been observed in those with disconnection in the amygdala-hypothalamus pathway.〔Joseph, Rhawn. "Environmental Influences on Neural Plasticity, the Limbic System, Emotional Development and Attachment: A Review." Human Sciences Press, Inc.. 29.3 (1999): 198.〕 Temporal lobe epilepsy has been shown to cause bilateral amygdala damage which could result in symptoms similar to social-emotional agnosia, but the precise relationship between the two disorders is unknown.〔Jane McCagh (2011). (Social Cognition in Epilepsy, Novel Aspects on Epilepsy, Humberto Foyaca-Sibat (Ed.) ), ISBN 978-953-307-678-2, InTech〕
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